Pope Benedict XVI has now undone much of the good will, despite his successful visit to Ankara and to the Blue Mosque in Istanbul. By citing the Dialogue out of context, he projected Byzantium as thoroughly antagonistic to Islam. Yet the debate came out of a tradition of interfaith discussions going back centuries, in which the Orthodox Christians had tried to understand and correct what they perceived to be the errors of Judaism, Islam and other heresies. Byzantium also maintained diplomatic relations with Arab rulers even during times of warfare, and regularly tried to resolve military problems by negotiation. Of course Manuel II wrote a work of Christian propaganda, but it records at great length a serious debate with a Turkish Muslim. The emperor probably realised that Byzantium would fall to the Ottomans one day. Yet even then, he took pains to clarify what Islam taught. It is a message that should not be lost today.


















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