Among them is Busch, a German-Jewish debt-collector "with his flat dirty face, greasy frock-coat and white cravat twisted like a cord", scavenging for ancient IOUs and pitiless in squeezing the last sou out of his victims. Busch's only redeeming feature is his affection for his dying brother, Sigismond, an idealistic socialist, once editor of the New Rhenish Gazette and friend of Karl Marx. In all other respects, Busch is a character quite as unpleasant as Charles Dickens's Fagin.
There can be no doubt that Zola was appalled by the explosion of anti-Semitism ignited by the Dreyfus Affair, but in some of his writing at the time he seemed to accept some of the charges made against the Jews and to differ only as to who was to blame. "The Jews have their faults, their vices," he wrote in an article written prior to J'Accuse, "Pour les Juifs":
They are accused of being a nation in the nation, of being...a kind of international sect without real homeland; above all, of carrying in their blood a need for lucre, a love for money, a prodigious intelligence for business which, in less than a century, has led to the accumulation of enormous fortunes in their hands. But these separatist Jews, so poorly absorbed into the nation, overly avid, obsessed with the conquest of gold, are in fact the creation of Christians, the work of our eighteen hundred years of imbecilic persecution.
Another derogatory stereotype is found in a novel by the Dreyfusard author Marcel Prévost, Les Demi-Vierges, published in the year of Dreyfus's arrest, 1894. Baron Aaron, a naturalised German Jew and convert to Catholicism who runs a Catholic savings bank (Comptoir), is enormously rich and, though married, lusts after the beautiful and aristocratic Maud de Rouvre. Maud is in love with a handsome young wastrel, Julien de Suberceaux, and has granted him, during secret assignations, all but her "final favours" (hence the title of the novel). Because Julien has no money, she decides to marry a rich provincial aristocrat, Maxime de Chantel, whom she has met while with her mother at a spa. The Chantels come to Paris so that Maxime can pay court to Maud. Mme de Rouvre, Maud's mother, is afraid that they might meet Aaron in her salon:
I don't think we need to show off such a person-fake Alsatian and fake Catholic, who exploits the parish priests, the good sisters, the religious communities, and lets it be known that he is in love with you, as if a daughter of the Rouvres might consider a usurer from Frankfurt, and a married man too!
Aaron is described as "a small round man with a blotchy face, perspiring and pot-bellied, with the manner of a Frankfurt money-lender, despite the English cut of his coat, the red gardenia in his button-hole, despite the shine on his hat and his shoes". He is absurd and repulsive but he is rich and when Maud's cynical scheme to marry Maxime and yet retain Julien as her lover collapses, she sells herself to Aaron. "There will be some bad years...but I'll know how to break him in, the Jew! He is married, but one can divorce. And one day, who knows? No one quibbles about the past of the wife of a banker when she has an income of eight hundred thousand francs."
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