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The time-honoured method by which antagonistic doctrines may be obliged to acknowledge one another is dialogue. Already in the Middle Ages we hear of disputations between representatives of the world religions at the courts of Mongol khans and other oriental potentates. But ecumenical encounters are evidently older than that. There are examples of them throughout the Hebrew Bible. The New Testament accounts of the interrogation of Jesus by Pontius Pilate show that pagans and Jews were accustomed to hold religious dialogues even in the most improbable circumstances.

It is worth dwelling on that particular dialogue, in the version handed down by St John's Gospel, because it anticipates so many of today's problems. Pilate asks Jesus: "Art thou a King then?" Jesus answers: "Thou sayest that I am a King. To this end was I born, and for this cause came I into the world, that I should bear witness unto the truth: every one that is of the truth heareth my voice." Pilate replies with a question: "What is truth?" But he does not wait for an answer.

Now, every religion makes strong claims to truth — not merely a truth but the truth. For this reason, no religion can be comfortable with epistemological relativism. In 2002, the then Chief Rabbi Jonathan (now Lord) Sacks published The Dignity of Difference, subtitled How to avoid the Clash of Civilisations, in which he sought to establish a framework for different faiths to live alongside one another and engage in dialogue, while acknowledging that their rival truth claims could not be reconciled. However, his fellow Orthodox rabbis were unhappy with some of the book's formulations, which in their view went too far and could be interpreted as relativising the truth claims of Judaism. Sacks agreed to rewrite an entire chapter to meet their concerns. For example, in the first edition we read: "[Judaism] believes in one God, but not in one religion, one culture, one truth. The God of Abraham is the God of all mankind, but the faith of Abraham is not the faith of all mankind." In the second edition, this has been changed to: "[Judaism] believes in one God but not in one exclusive path to salvation. The God of the Israelites is the God of all mankind, but the demands that are made of the Israelites are not made of all mankind."

Sacks claimed that, for Jews, there was nothing controversial in his main argument — that the Abrahamic monotheisms of Judaism, Christianity and Islam have a theological basis for mutual respect, based not on relativism but on the common concept of covenant. Evidently, though, the notion that Jews do not believe in one universal truth was highly controversial. The fact that Judaism does not claim exclusivity in seeking salvation does not mean that its truth claims are not absolute.

It has become impolite, even taboo, to point out the incompatibility of such religious truth claims. In a recent column, the Catholic writer Piers Paul Read criticised an American Jewish friend who had rewritten in Hebrew the Latin texts of the B Minor Mass to produce "the Jewish Bach". The fact that this project made him feel "profoundly uneasy" implied, wrote Read, that he was not truly ecumenical. While acknowledging the decrees of the Second Vatican Council, enjoining Catholics to treat "our older brothers in the faith" with respect, Read is dismayed by the Jewish rejection of Jesus. He suspects that "were I not a Catholic, I would not believe in God". Quoting Blaise Pascal, Read accepts that "true Christians and true Jews have only one religion", but that does not resolve the stark choice: either Jesus Christ is the Messiah, or he is not. For him "the question to be answered is whether what [religions] teach is true and, like Pascal, the only God I can believe in is the God foretold by the Jewish prophets and revealed by Christ."

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Sergei Bourachaga
December 3rd, 2014
11:12 AM
At the end of his three-day visit to Turkey Pope Francis urged Muslim leaders worldwide to condemn in an unambiguous language the barbaric violence committed by Islamic radicals (ISIS) against innocent civilians. In reply, Turkish president Erdogan expressed an explicit contempt of the West by linking directly Islamic Terrorism on growing anti-Muslim sentiments in Europe and America, and the growing Western conspiracies to dominate the Middle East. Erdogan insisted during Pope Francis’ visit to Istanbul that there was a “very serious and rapid trend of growth in racism, discrimination, and hatred of others (Muslims), especially Islamophobia in the West.” Let us analyze closely the following verses from The Koran and see who hates the “OTHERS” more, the West or Islam: “Know that we send down to the unbelievers (Jews and Christians) Devils who incite them to evil. Therefore have patience: their days are numbered.” Koran 19:87 This verse is often chanted during the beheading rituals we often see on radical Islamic websites. For the pious Muslim beheading his defenseless hostage, it is an act of heroic proportion, because he is slaughtering the Devil incarnated in the human form of an Infidel. “Satan has gained possession of The People of The Book (Jews and Christians) and caused them to forget Allah’s warnings. They are the confederates of Satan; Satan’s confederates shall assuredly be lost in hell. The Believers are the confederates of Allah (Hizbollah); and Allah’s confederates shall surely triumph.” Koran 58:19 Another verse recited frequently in the background of beheading rituals, to reinforce the view that by slaughtering Christians and Jews, a pious Muslim is killing Satan not an innocent captive. “We will put terror into the hearts of the unbelievers (Jews and Christians). They serve other Gods for whom no sanction has been revealed. Hell shall be their home; dismal indeed is the dwelling place of the evil-doers.” Koran 3:149 A verse often used by Salafist radicals to spread terror and encourage Muslims to kill indiscriminately innocent children, women, and seniors attending a wedding or using the public transit system. After all Jews and Christians worship Gods that have not been sanctioned by the Allah of Islam, and they are all classified as evil-doers who shall perish in an earthly hell of Muslim design, make, and timing. “Do you fear the unbelievers (Jews and Christians)? Surely Allah is more worthy of your fear. If you are true believers make war on them; Allah will chastise them through you and humble them. He will grant you victory over them and heal the spirit of the faithful.” Koran 9:14 A favorite passage of Hizbollah fighters in Lebanon, who scored with the help of Allah a “Divine Victory” against the mightiest army in The Middle East (IDF 2006). Hassan Nasrallah, the supreme leader of The Hizbollah movement in Lebanon exploits this passage extensively in his fiery speeches to remind his followers that Allah’s will for the believer is very clear; his or her primary religious duty should be to wage war on the Jewish State of Israel to liberate Jerusalem, destroy Christian unbelievers who sustain the existence of Israel, and thus impose on the “Kouffar” Allah’s agenda for the salvation of humanity. “Cast into hell every hardened unbeliever, every opponent from the people of the book (Jews and Christians), and every doubting transgressor who has set up another God besides Allah. Hurl him into the fierce tormenting flames of hell.” Koran 50:21 Suicide bombers use this verse (in videos taped prior to their heroic operations) to justify the blowing up of their explosive charges on buses and in a variety of public places frequented by Jews and Christians. By becoming a “Shahid” (Arabic for martyr) and securing a place in Allah’s heavenly kingdom, the suicide bomber is hurling his victims (hardened unbelievers) into the fierce tormenting flames of hell-the inferno created by the explosion in a confined space. Believers, do not make friends with any men other than your own people. They will spare no pains to corrupt you. They desire nothing but your ruin. Their hatred is clear from what they say, but more violent is the hatred which their breasts conceal.” Koran 3:117 These verses are used extensively every Friday, in dozens of mosques located in major capitals such as London, Paris, Brussels, Spain, Toronto…to deepen the schism between Muslims and non-believers, and insulate them from any arguments that may challenge radical Islamist narratives. The time has come to reinforce the key principle that no democracy has any legal or moral obligation to tolerate the intolerable, including Muslim presidents like Erdogan. And to all Western apologists who believe that tolerance should remain one of the most distinct characteristics of democracies, I invite them to reflect on the following statement of British novelist Dorothy Sayers: “In this world it is called Tolerance, but in hell it is called indifference, the sin that believes in nothing, cares for nothing, seeks to know nothing, interferes with nothing, enjoys nothing, hates nothing, finds purpose in nothing, lives for nothing, and remains alive because there is nothing for which it will die.” Sergei Bourachaga

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