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In America, GIs returning from war to a free college education and a small-town life demanded orchestral concerts of the kind they had heard abroad. The late Russell Johnson, who became the world's foremost concert hall acoustician, told me that he first heard an orchestra when he was in khaki fatigues in Manila and knew instantly that he would never go back to join his father in a blue-collar job. A symphony concert represented aspiration for postwar millions.

Soon, however, the audience grew confused. Modernism introduced a complexity to the concert diet that was beyond the reach of the "ordinary" listener and often painful to the ear. At the onslaught of Webern, Cage, Stockhausen and late Stravinsky, Mr Smeeth and his kind came to feel belittled and unwanted and orchestras struggled with conflicting demands to renew the repertoire and not alienate the audience.

In Europe, supported by growing amounts of state funding — the London Symphony Orchestra went from a £2,000 annual grant in 1949 to more than £2 million today — they could afford a measure of experiment, the occasional half-empty house. Many adapted artistic obligation to social opportunity and cultivated an elite audience, acquiring an unheralded role in the intellectual life of city and society. On to this base they added elements of public education and social outreach, which pleased the politicians and strengthened their appeal to big business.

In 2011 the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra receives a record 15 million euros in city subventions, almost half its 34 million euro budget (and more than double the total grant to four London orchestras). Berlin's business is augmented by a 6 million euro grant from Deutsche Bank for education and digital outreach. It is also an aggressive player for record fees from tour and festival organisers. A residency in London is now so costly that the rival South Bank and Barbican centres had to collaborate in procuring it. In May, the Berlin Philharmonic announced it was leaving the Salzburg Easter Festival after receiving a bigger offer from Baden-Baden.

Such is life at the top for the privileged few. Lower down the leagues, with the collapse of record income and the onset of unforeseen demographic change, orchestras found themselves in a fight for survival. Germany, after unification, managed the decline rather well, reducing the number of symphony and chamber orchestras from 170 to 133 by quiet attrition. The number of ensemble jobs for musicians has fallen from 12,159 in 1992 to 9,992 in 2010. The ructions triggered in Holland were consensually avoided.

In Britain, one chamber orchestra has come within days of going under. Nevertheless, contrary to predictions, audiences have grown in two years of economic recession, and in some instances diversified. Cool young artists like Lang Lang, Gustavo Dudamel and the American composer Nico Muhly attract a significantly different audience to mainstream venues and a sensation of generational renewal.

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eddie s
December 5th, 2011
10:12 PM
Most Orchestra's are boring egotists and basically over paid Government Welfare receiptents who believe they should be adored and admired just for being them..They are not common people as in friendly; darling how drab to see those commoners in the last row.

clare robinson
July 28th, 2011
11:07 AM
(First violin, Netherlands symphony Orchestra, Orkest van het Oosten). I absolutely agree with everything John Borstlap has to say, particularly the last paragraph.

Anonymous
July 19th, 2011
3:07 AM
Kato. You must be joking. The bill that's coming due is most recently 8 years of theft camouflaged by 8 years of frivolous war. On another note: What makes you think orchestra members work 20 hours? Are you kidding? Do you even have a clue what goes into that work and how many real hours are involved in a concert season?

Ted Schrey Montreal
July 19th, 2011
1:07 AM
`The (many) reasons given for Lebrecht's "irreversible conclusion that the symphony orchestra will always survive..." remind me of the reasons why one can say churches will always survive. Some may survive. Most won't--is my "irreversible" conclusion.

kato
July 4th, 2011
2:07 PM
So private citizen Sarah Palin "recently" cut off arts funding, huh? And precisely which orchestras were affected? Frankly, I have never heard anything about them, although I am familiar with several of the Dutch radio orchestras. My point is that it is specious to compare Anchorage and Juneau with New York and Philadelphia. The bill for fifty years of big-government liberalism, with its chronic overspending and gross misallocation of resources is finally coming due, and the arts are only one aspect of society that is going to feel the consequences. There are dire times ahead, moreso in Europe than in the U.S. In cities like Detroit, Cleveland, and Philadelphia, the majority of the younger generations is uneducated or miseducated, and is completely unfamiliar with every single name in this article. For every one of them who may someday become a benefactor of an orchestra there are 100 who have become acclimated to receiving handouts. Talk about orchestra members making $100K for 20 hours work, the stagehands in places like New York make double and triple that amount, and their union bosses may make up to $500K per year. Is the taxpayer supposed to blindly continue to pay for this union theft in the face of multibillion-dollar deficits?

John Borstlap
July 3rd, 2011
12:07 PM
ORCHESTRAS ARE IN THE FRONT LINE In a society which gradually looses its understanding of its own high culture, finding justifications for the existence of orchestras through 'community work' and the like, will only contribute to the erosion of music life: reducing an orchestra to a community tool will lead to less and less understanding of what an orchestra is. Making music has many different forms, and orchestras are at the top of the art form and should be left to their own job which is in itself already time- and energy-consuming enough. The community outreach programmes should be the job of other musicians - pop, cross-over, world music and the like - NOT classical music orchestras. It is crazy to ask from orchestras like the Berlin Phil to try to help solve integration problems in immigrant quarters. It is only a sign of erosion, not a possible way into the future of orchestral practice. It seems to be more practical to solve the problems of 'the orchestra in the XXIst century' through 2 ways of reducing its museum culture: 1) education, by making music education a must on every level of the educational system; 2) new composition related to the fundaments of orchestral practice, i.e. new music rooted in tradition, which will inject new life into the repertoire. Classical music for the orchestra is complex but often sensational. It has a stimulating influence upon brain development (as proven by neuroscience), so it is an excellent tool for educational purposes. It orders emotional experience and has an identity-strengthening effect upon the psyche. It reinforces the universalism of the best of civilization. It is a spiritual product at the end of thousands of years of human evolution, embodying civilizational values. Recordings are always just a substitute of the real thing: live performances. Live performances by orchestras should thus be accessible to everyone, and thus it should be normal that the state (the tax payer, who also pays for roads, bridges, health insurance etc.) support orchestras, as a counterbalance to the eroding influences of modern life and the media culture, which threaten to create a new type of human being: glued to the material exterior of things and incapable of thinking, feeling, judging, acting. It is in the state's interest that its citizens develop as much as possible to independent, civilized beings capable of mature conduct: high art, in which classical music and its orchestras occupy a central place, should be central to the state's concern, as it should be to the educational system. To see orchestras as marginal to society, is a signal of a much broader war on civilization: it begins with dissolving orchestras but it ends with barbarism. Look what is happening now in the Netherlands: a rightwing populism government wants to reduce the country's art institutions to insignificant, marginal private entertainment for a rich elite. A wave of hostility by the uneducated masses towards all art, old and new, is now getting power and will soon turn Holland into a cultural waste land.

Barry
July 3rd, 2011
9:07 AM
martyspence: I find your comment totally incoherent. I suspect, however, that you're a jazz or rock fan with no understanding of the orchestral genre who believes that orchestral musicians can create a performance by mechanically reproducing the instructions in the score which can be interpreted like computer code. Heard it before - not even close. To equate orchestral musicians with people who paint by numbers is just plain silly.

Zhay Dhee
July 2nd, 2011
8:07 PM
To sit in a music hall and listen to your favorite symphony live, real time, among other listeners who expect you to listen in silence or leave (no pausing the cd or drifting out of the room to the fridge while the music plays), to Hear the phrases and movements with Dimension and Luscious Timbre is an experience one cannot have from the couch and it is for this that we are happy to buy a ticket. There is no doubt, though, that the repertoire has become stale. Who Really enJOYS Schoenberg and Shostakovitch? It seems to me, though, young musicians are finding ways to make the classical music training more Relevant: a young woman on youtube who plays Poker Face in the style of a Beethoven Sonata, a violinist who plays the Super Mario theme on his fiddle - something will come of this experimentation. Musicians grounded in composition who take this path are the future. The composers music was of their time - Bach rewrote the instrumentation of some of Vivaldi's Concertos for his own purposes, Beethoven and Brahms included folk songs as themes in their works - why shouldn't this generation include Lady Gaga's tunes? Perhaps only a few orchestras will survive in their current form and size and in only the biggest or wealthiest of cities. But it's not difficult to imagine an exciting collaboration between young composers and out-of-work classical musicians, a collaboration which could be the genesis for the future Canon.

Roper
July 2nd, 2011
7:07 PM
If Bach were there to hear it, it might not have been okay for him. I would worry.

Larry
July 2nd, 2011
3:07 AM
I am unable to agree that orchestras ~must~ be funded, for the same reason I wouldn't advocate my city's funding of a tea-ceremony troupe, no matter how refined or excellent. The trick is how to attract and retain public attendance: I wonder what success stories exist out there? Here in my city (Hobart) we have an excellent and refined orchestra which it is my joy to attend and thus my responsibility to support.

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