Unlike what happened in Iran 30 years ago, Arab Islamists shut theologians out of the picture. In Iran's first presidential election, the candidate of the Shia clerics Hassan Habibi collected less than 5 per cent of the votes. In Egypt, the ulema (theologians) from the Al-Azhar Seminary, the Sunni world's most prestigious establishment, called for a postponement of elections in unison with the pro-democracy groups in Tahrir Square while the Muslim Brotherhood insisted they should be held on time. Pushing the ulema into the background, Arab Islamists fielded a leadership of academics, engineers, doctors and other professionals, among them many women.
More importantly, perhaps, following the model established in Iraq, the Islamists also agreed to give women a share of parliamentary seats: 50 per cent in Tunisia, 25 per cent in Egypt and 20 per cent in Morocco.
The model for Arab Islamists is the Turkish Justice and Development Party (AKP) that swept to power in 2002 by accepting the secular constitution established by Atatürk, the founder of the Turkish Republic. AKP has recruited its front-line leaders, including President Abdullah Gul and Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan, from among professionals rather than Islamic scholars and theologians.
Despite efforts to hide or at least partially cover their true colours, Arab Islamists have so far failed to win a straight majority in any elections. Nor are they likely to do so any time soon.
In Tunisia, an-Nahda won less than 40 per cent of the votes in a 70 per cent turnout, compared to the Turkish AKP's 43 per cent in 2002. In Morocco, PJD won 22 per cent in a 45 per cent turnout, securing 107 of the 395 seats in the National Assembly. The low turnout was partly due to the boycott by the February 20 coalition of pro-democracy parties that demanded a new constitution limiting the king's powers.
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